Which Of The Following Animals Has A One-way Digestive Tract?

Animal Nutrition and the Digestive Arrangement

Digestive Systems

OpenStaxCollege

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Learning Objectives

By the terminate of this section, you lot will be able to:

• Explicate the processes of digestion and assimilation
• Compare and contrast different types of digestive systems
• Explicate the specialized functions of the organs involved in processing food in the body
• Describe the ways in which organs piece of work together to assimilate food and absorb nutrients

Animals obtain their nutrition from the consumption of other organisms. Depending on their diet, animals can be classified into the following categories: plant eaters (herbivores), meat eaters (carnivores), and those that eat both plants and animals (omnivores). The nutrients and macromolecules present in food are not immediately accessible to the cells. There are a number of processes that change nutrient within the animal body in order to make the nutrients and organic molecules accessible for cellular function. As animals evolved in complication of form and function, their digestive systems have as well evolved to accommodate their various dietary needs.

Herbivores, Omnivores, and Carnivores

Herbivores are animals whose principal food source is plant-based. Examples of herbivores, as shown in [link] include vertebrates similar deer, koalas, and some bird species, equally well as invertebrates such every bit crickets and caterpillars. These animals have evolved digestive systems capable of handling large amounts of establish fabric. Herbivores can be further classified into frugivores (fruit-eaters), granivores (seed eaters), nectivores (nectar feeders), and folivores (leaf eaters).

Herbivores, like this (a) mule deer and (b) monarch caterpillar, eat primarily plant material. (credit a: modification of work past Nib Ebbesen; credit b: modification of work by Doug Bowman)

Carnivores are animals that swallow other animals. The word carnivore is derived from Latin and literally means "meat eater." Wild cats such as lions, shown in [link]a and tigers are examples of vertebrate carnivores, equally are snakes and sharks, while invertebrate carnivores include sea stars, spiders, and ladybugs, shown in [link]b. Obligate carnivores are those that rely entirely on animate being flesh to obtain their nutrients; examples of obligate carnivores are members of the true cat family, such as lions and cheetahs. Facultative carnivores are those that likewise eat non-animal food in addition to animal food. Note that at that place is no clear line that differentiates facultative carnivores from omnivores; dogs would be considered facultative carnivores.

Carnivores similar the (a) lion eat primarily meat. The (b) ladybug is also a carnivore that consumes small insects chosen aphids. (credit a: modification of work by Kevin Pluck; credit b: modification of work past Jon Sullivan)

Omnivores are animals that eat both plant- and brute-derived food. In Latin, omnivore means to eat everything. Humans, bears (shown in [link]a), and chickens are instance of vertebrate omnivores; invertebrate omnivores include cockroaches and crayfish (shown in [link]b).

Omnivores like the (a) bear and (b) crayfish eat both plant and animal based food. (credit a: modification of work past Dave Menke; credit b: modification of piece of work past Jon Sullivan)

Invertebrate Digestive Systems

Animals have evolved unlike types of digestive systems to aid in the digestion of the different foods they eat. The simplest instance is that of a gastrovascular cavity and is found in organisms with just ane opening for digestion. Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Ctenophora (comb jellies), and Cnidaria (coral, jelly fish, and sea anemones) use this type of digestion. Gastrovascular cavities, as shown in [link]a, are typically a blind tube or cavity with simply one opening, the "mouth", which likewise serves equally an "anus". Ingested fabric enters the oral fissure and passes through a hollow, tubular crenel. Cells inside the cavity secrete digestive enzymes that break down the food. The food particles are engulfed past the cells lining the gastrovascular crenel.

The gastrointestinal tract, shown in [link]b, is a more advanced organization: it consists of one tube with a mouth at one cease and an anus at the other. Earthworms are an example of an creature with an alimentary canal. Once the food is ingested through the mouth, it passes through the esophagus and is stored in an organ called the crop; and so it passes into the gizzard where it is churned and digested. From the gizzard, the nutrient passes through the intestine, the nutrients are absorbed, and the waste is eliminated every bit carrion, chosen castings, through the anus.

(a) A gastrovascular cavity has a single opening through which food is ingested and waste is excreted, as shown in this hydra and in this jellyfish medusa. (b) An gastrointestinal tract has two openings: a rima oris for ingesting food, and an anus for eliminating waste, as shown in this nematode.

Vertebrate Digestive Systems

Vertebrates have evolved more complex digestive systems to adapt to their dietary needs. Some animals have a single stomach, while others accept multi-chambered stomachs. Birds have developed a digestive arrangement adjusted to eating unmasticated food.

Monogastric: Single-chambered Stomach

As the word monogastric suggests, this blazon of digestive organisation consists of one ("mono") stomach chamber ("gastric"). Humans and many animals have a monogastric digestive system as illustrated in [link]ab. The process of digestion begins with the mouth and the intake of nutrient. The teeth play an important function in masticating (chewing) or physically breaking downwardly food into smaller particles. The enzymes present in saliva also begin to chemically break down food. The esophagus is a long tube that connects the oral fissure to the tummy. Using peristalsis, or wave-like smooth muscle contractions, the muscles of the esophagus push the food towards the stomach. In lodge to speed up the actions of enzymes in the stomach, the stomach is an extremely acidic environment, with a pH betwixt 1.five and 2.5. The gastric juices, which include enzymes in the stomach, deed on the food particles and continue the procedure of digestion. Farther breakdown of nutrient takes place in the small intestine where enzymes produced by the liver, the small intestine, and the pancreas go along the process of digestion. The nutrients are captivated into the blood stream beyond the epithelial cells lining the walls of the modest intestines. The waste product material travels on to the large intestine where h2o is absorbed and the drier waste textile is compacted into carrion; it is stored until information technology is excreted through the rectum.

(a) Humans and herbivores, such as the (b) rabbit, have a monogastric digestive arrangement. Nevertheless, in the rabbit the small intestine and cecum are enlarged to allow more than time to digest plant fabric. The enlarged organ provides more surface area for absorption of nutrients. Rabbits digest their food twice: the start time food passes through the digestive arrangement, it collects in the cecum, and then information technology passes as soft feces called cecotrophes. The rabbit re-ingests these cecotrophes to farther digest them.

Avian

Birds face special challenges when it comes to obtaining nutrition from nutrient. They do not have teeth and so their digestive system, shown in [link], must be able to process un-masticated nutrient. Birds have evolved a variety of bill types that reverberate the vast variety in their nutrition, ranging from seeds and insects to fruits and basics. Because most birds fly, their metabolic rates are high in order to efficiently procedure food and keep their trunk weight low. The stomach of birds has 2 chambers: the proventriculus, where gastric juices are produced to digest the food earlier it enters the stomach, and the gizzard, where the food is stored, soaked, and mechanically ground. The undigested material forms food pellets that are sometimes regurgitated. Most of the chemical digestion and absorption happens in the intestine and the waste material is excreted through the cloaca.

The avian esophagus has a pouch, called a crop, which stores food. Food passes from the crop to the first of 2 stomachs, called the proventriculus, which contains digestive juices that break down food. From the proventriculus, the food enters the second breadbasket, chosen the gizzard, which grinds food. Some birds eat stones or grit, which are stored in the gizzard, to help the grinding process. Birds do not have separate openings to excrete urine and feces. Instead, uric acid from the kidneys is secreted into the big intestine and combined with waste from the digestive process. This waste is excreted through an opening called the cloaca.

Evolution Connectedness

Avian Adaptations

Birds have a highly efficient, simplified digestive organisation. Recent fossil prove has shown that the evolutionary divergence of birds from other land animals was characterized by streamlining and simplifying the digestive system. Unlike many other animals, birds do non have teeth to chew their food. In place of lips, they take sharp pointy beaks. The horny nib, lack of jaws, and the smaller natural language of the birds can be traced back to their dinosaur ancestors. The emergence of these changes seems to coincide with the inclusion of seeds in the bird diet. Seed-eating birds have beaks that are shaped for grabbing seeds and the two-compartment tummy allows for delegation of tasks. Since birds need to remain light in order to wing, their metabolic rates are very high, which means they digest their food very quickly and need to consume often. Contrast this with the ruminants, where the digestion of plant matter takes a very long time.

Ruminants

Ruminants are mainly herbivores similar cows, sheep, and goats, whose entire nutrition consists of eating large amounts of roughage or cobweb. They take evolved digestive systems that assistance them digest vast amounts of cellulose. An interesting feature of the ruminants' rima oris is that they practice not have upper incisor teeth. They use their lower teeth, tongue and lips to tear and chew their food. From the oral cavity, the nutrient travels to the esophagus and on to the stomach.

To assist assimilate the large amount of plant material, the stomach of the ruminants is a multi-chambered organ, as illustrated in [link]. The iv compartments of the breadbasket are chosen the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. These chambers contain many microbes that break down cellulose and ferment ingested food. The abomasum is the "true" stomach and is the equivalent of the monogastric breadbasket chamber where gastric juices are secreted. The four-compartment gastric chamber provides larger infinite and the microbial support necessary to digest plant material in ruminants. The fermentation procedure produces big amounts of gas in the stomach chamber, which must be eliminated. As in other animals, the modest intestine plays an important role in nutrient absorption, and the large intestine helps in the elimination of waste.

Ruminant animals, such as goats and cows, take four stomachs. The first ii stomachs, the rumen and the reticulum, incorporate prokaryotes and protists that are able to assimilate cellulose cobweb. The ruminant regurgitates cud from the reticulum, chews it, and swallows it into a tertiary stomach, the omasum, which removes water. The cud so passes onto the fourth stomach, the abomasum, where it is digested by enzymes produced past the ruminant.

Pseudo-ruminants

Some animals, such as camels and alpacas, are pseudo-ruminants. They eat a lot of plant textile and roughage. Digesting plant material is non easy because plant jail cell walls contain the polymeric sugar molecule cellulose. The digestive enzymes of these animals cannot break down cellulose, but microorganisms present in the digestive system can. Therefore, the digestive system must be able to handle large amounts of roughage and break down the cellulose. Pseudo-ruminants accept a 3-chamber stomach in the digestive organization. However, their cecum—a pouched organ at the outset of the large intestine containing many microorganisms that are necessary for the digestion of found materials—is large and is the site where the roughage is fermented and digested. These animals exercise non accept a rumen only have an omasum, abomasum, and reticulum.

Parts of the Digestive Arrangement

The vertebrate digestive system is designed to facilitate the transformation of food matter into the nutrient components that sustain organisms.

Mouth

The oral cavity, or oral fissure, is the point of entry of nutrient into the digestive organization, illustrated in [link]. The food consumed is broken into smaller particles by mastication, the chewing action of the teeth. All mammals take teeth and can chew their food.

The all-encompassing chemical process of digestion begins in the mouth. As food is being chewed, saliva, produced by the salivary glands, mixes with the nutrient. Saliva is a watery substance produced in the mouths of many animals. At that place are iii major glands that secrete saliva—the parotid, the submandibular, and the sublingual. Saliva contains mucus that moistens nutrient and buffers the pH of the nutrient. Saliva as well contains immunoglobulins and lysozymes, which have antibacterial action to reduce tooth decay by inhibiting growth of some bacteria. Saliva besides contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that begins the process of converting starches in the nutrient into a disaccharide chosen maltose. Another enzyme chosen lipase is produced by the cells in the tongue. Lipases are a class of enzymes that can break downwardly triglycerides. The lingual lipase begins the breakdown of fat components in the food. The chewing and wetting activeness provided past the teeth and saliva prepare the food into a mass chosen the bolus for swallowing. The natural language helps in swallowing—moving the bolus from the mouth into the throat. The pharynx opens to 2 passageways: the trachea, which leads to the lungs, and the esophagus, which leads to the stomach. The trachea has an opening called the glottis, which is covered by a cartilaginous flap chosen the epiglottis. When swallowing, the epiglottis closes the glottis and food passes into the esophagus and not the trachea. This organisation allows nutrient to exist kept out of the trachea.

Digestion of food begins in the (a) oral cavity. Food is masticated by teeth and moistened by saliva secreted from the (b) salivary glands. Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest starches and fats. With the help of the tongue, the resulting bolus is moved into the esophagus by swallowing. (credit: modification of work past the National Cancer Institute)

Esophagus

The esophagus is a tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach. The chewed and softened food passes through the esophagus later existence swallowed. The smoothen muscles of the esophagus undergo a serial of wave like movements chosen peristalsis that push the food toward the stomach, every bit illustrated in [link]. The peristalsis wave is unidirectional—it moves food from the mouth to the tum, and reverse movement is not possible. The peristaltic move of the esophagus is an involuntary reflex; it takes identify in response to the act of swallowing.

The esophagus transfers food from the mouth to the stomach through peristaltic movements.

A band-like muscle called a sphincter forms valves in the digestive organisation. The gastro-esophageal sphincter is located at the stomach end of the esophagus. In response to swallowing and the force per unit area exerted by the bolus of nutrient, this sphincter opens, and the bolus enters the breadbasket. When there is no swallowing action, this sphincter is shut and prevents the contents of the stomach from traveling up the esophagus. Many animals accept a truthful sphincter; nonetheless, in humans, there is no true sphincter, merely the esophagus remains closed when there is no swallowing action. Acid reflux or "heartburn" occurs when the acidic digestive juices escape into the esophagus.

Stomach

A big part of digestion occurs in the tummy, shown in [link]. The breadbasket is a saclike organ that secretes gastric digestive juices. The pH in the stomach is betwixt i.5 and ii.5. This highly acidic environment is required for the chemical breakdown of nutrient and the extraction of nutrients. When empty, the stomach is a rather small organ; all the same, information technology can expand to upwardly to 20 times its resting size when filled with nutrient. This characteristic is particularly useful for animals that need to eat when food is bachelor.

Art Connection

The human stomach has an extremely acidic environs where nearly of the protein gets digested. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal)

Which of the post-obit statements near the digestive system is false?

1. Chyme is a mixture of food and digestive juices that is produced in the stomach.
2. Nutrient enters the large intestine before the small intestine.
3. In the small intestine, chyme mixes with bile, which emulsifies fats.
4. The stomach is separated from the modest intestine by the pyloric sphincter.

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The tum is also the major site for poly peptide digestion in animals other than ruminants. Protein digestion is mediated by an enzyme called pepsin in the breadbasket sleeping room. Pepsin is secreted by the primary cells in the stomach in an inactive form called pepsinogen. Pepsin breaks peptide bonds and cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides; it also helps activate more than pepsinogen, starting a positive feedback mechanism that generates more pepsin. Some other cell blazon—parietal cells—secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, which combine in the lumen to form hydrochloric acid, the primary acidic component of the stomach juices. Hydrochloric acid helps to convert the inactive pepsinogen to pepsin. The highly acidic surroundings besides kills many microorganisms in the food and, combined with the action of the enzyme pepsin, results in the hydrolysis of poly peptide in the nutrient. Chemic digestion is facilitated by the churning action of the tum. Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles mixes the breadbasket contents about every 20 minutes. The partially digested food and gastric juice mixture is called chyme. Chyme passes from the breadbasket to the small intestine. Further protein digestion takes place in the small intestine. Gastric emptying occurs within two to half-dozen hours after a meal. Just a small corporeality of chyme is released into the small intestine at a time. The motility of chyme from the breadbasket into the small intestine is regulated by the pyloric sphincter.

When digesting protein and some fats, the stomach lining must be protected from getting digested by pepsin. There are two points to consider when describing how the tummy lining is protected. Commencement, as previously mentioned, the enzyme pepsin is synthesized in the inactive form. This protects the master cells, considering pepsinogen does not have the same enzyme functionality of pepsin. Second, the stomach has a thick mucus lining that protects the underlying tissue from the action of the digestive juices. When this mucus lining is ruptured, ulcers can grade in the stomach. Ulcers are open wounds in or on an organ caused by bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) when the fungus lining is ruptured and fails to reform.

Small Intestine

Chyme moves from the tummy to the pocket-size intestine. The pocket-sized intestine is the organ where the digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed. The small intestine is a long tube-similar organ with a highly folded surface containing finger-like projections called the villi. The upmost surface of each villus has many microscopic projections chosen microvilli. These structures, illustrated in [link], are lined with epithelial cells on the luminal side and allow for the nutrients to be absorbed from the digested food and absorbed into the claret stream on the other side. The villi and microvilli, with their many folds, increase the surface area of the intestine and increase assimilation efficiency of the nutrients. Captivated nutrients in the blood are carried into the hepatic portal vein, which leads to the liver. There, the liver regulates the distribution of nutrients to the remainder of the body and removes toxic substances, including drugs, booze, and some pathogens.

Fine art Connectedness

Villi are folds on the pocket-sized intestine lining that increase the surface surface area to facilitate the absorption of nutrients.

Which of the following statements about the pocket-size intestine is false?

1. Absorbent cells that line the modest intestine have microvilli, small projections that increase surface expanse and aid in the absorption of nutrient.
2. The inside of the pocket-size intestine has many folds, called villi.
3. Microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels.
4. The inside of the small intestine is called the lumen.

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The human small intestine is over 6m long and is divided into three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The "C-shaped," stock-still function of the small intestine is called the duodenum and is shown in [link]. The duodenum is separated from the tummy by the pyloric sphincter which opens to allow chyme to motion from the breadbasket to the duodenum. In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juices in an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate that neutralizes the acidity of chyme and acts as a buffer. Pancreatic juices also contain several digestive enzymes. Digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, besides as from gland cells of the abdominal wall itself, enter the duodenum. Bile is produced in the liver and stored and full-bodied in the gallbladder. Bile contains bile salts which emulsify lipids while the pancreas produces enzymes that catabolize starches, disaccharides, proteins, and fats. These digestive juices break down the food particles in the chyme into glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids. Some chemic digestion of food takes place in the duodenum. Absorption of fatty acids also takes identify in the duodenum.

The second role of the small intestine is chosen the jejunum, shown in [link]. Hither, hydrolysis of nutrients is continued while virtually of the carbohydrates and amino acids are absorbed through the abdominal lining. The bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum.

The ileum, likewise illustrated in [link] is the last part of the small intestine and here the bile salts and vitamins are captivated into blood stream. The undigested food is sent to the colon from the ileum via peristaltic movements of the muscle. The ileum ends and the big intestine begins at the ileocecal valve. The vermiform, "worm-similar," appendix is located at the ileocecal valve. The appendix of humans secretes no enzymes and has an insignificant function in immunity.

Large Intestine

The big intestine, illustrated in [link], reabsorbs the h2o from the undigested food material and processes the waste material. The human being large intestine is much smaller in length compared to the small intestine but larger in diameter. It has three parts: the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. The cecum joins the ileum to the colon and is the receiving pouch for the waste matter. The colon is habitation to many bacteria or "intestinal flora" that assist in the digestive processes. The colon can be divided into four regions, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon. The main functions of the colon are to excerpt the h2o and mineral salts from undigested food, and to store waste material. Cannibal mammals have a shorter large intestine compared to herbivorous mammals due to their diet.

The large intestine reabsorbs water from undigested food and stores waste matter material until it is eliminated.

Rectum and Anus

The rectum is the terminal end of the large intestine, as shown in [link]. The primary part of the rectum is to store the feces until defecation. The carrion are propelled using peristaltic movements during elimination. The anus is an opening at the far-terminate of the digestive tract and is the exit point for the waste material. 2 sphincters between the rectum and anus control emptying: the inner sphincter is involuntary and the outer sphincter is voluntary.

Accompaniment Organs

The organs discussed above are the organs of the digestive tract through which food passes. Accessory organs are organs that add secretions (enzymes) that catabolize nutrient into nutrients. Accompaniment organs include salivary glands, the liver, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are regulated by hormones in response to the food consumed.

The liver is the largest internal organ in humans and it plays a very of import role in digestion of fats and detoxifying blood. The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that is required for the breakdown of fatty components of the nutrient in the duodenum. The liver also processes the vitamins and fats and synthesizes many plasma proteins.

The pancreas is another important gland that secretes digestive juices. The chyme produced from the stomach is highly acidic in nature; the pancreatic juices comprise high levels of bicarbonate, an brine that neutralizes the acidic chyme. Additionally, the pancreatic juices incorporate a large variety of enzymes that are required for the digestion of poly peptide and carbohydrates.

The gallbladder is a small organ that aids the liver by storing bile and concentrating bile salts. When chyme containing fatty acids enters the duodenum, the bile is secreted from the gallbladder into the duodenum.

Section Summary

Different animals have evolved different types of digestive systems specialized to come across their dietary needs. Humans and many other animals accept monogastric digestive systems with a unmarried-chambered breadbasket. Birds accept evolved a digestive system that includes a gizzard where the nutrient is crushed into smaller pieces. This compensates for their inability to masticate. Ruminants that consume large amounts of plant material have a multi-chambered breadbasket that digests roughage. Pseudo-ruminants take like digestive processes as ruminants merely practise not have the four-compartment stomach. Processing food involves ingestion (eating), digestion (mechanical and enzymatic breakdown of big molecules), absorption (cellular uptake of nutrients), and elimination (removal of undigested waste every bit feces).

Many organs work together to digest food and absorb nutrients. The oral fissure is the point of ingestion and the location where both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food begins. Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase that breaks down carbohydrates. The food bolus travels through the esophagus by peristaltic movements to the stomach. The stomach has an extremely acidic environs. An enzyme called pepsin digests protein in the stomach. Further digestion and assimilation have identify in the pocket-size intestine. The large intestine reabsorbs water from the undigested food and stores waste until elimination.

Art Connections

[link] Which of the post-obit statements about the digestive system is imitation?

1. Chyme is a mixture of food and digestive juices that is produced in the tummy.
2. Food enters the big intestine before the modest intestine.
3. In the small intestine, chyme mixes with bile, which emulsifies fats.
4. The stomach is separated from the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter.

[link] Which of the post-obit statements near the pocket-sized intestine is faux?

1. Absorptive cells that line the small intestine take microvilli, small projections that increment surface area and assistance in the assimilation of nutrient.
2. The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi.
3. Microvilli are lined with blood vessels too as lymphatic vessels.
4. The inside of the small intestine is called the lumen.

Review Questions

Which of the following is a pseudo-ruminant?

1. moo-cow
2. pig
3. crow
4. equus caballus

Which of the following statements is untrue?

1. Roughage takes a long time to digest.
2. Birds eat big quantities at 1 time and then that they tin can fly long distances.
3. Cows practice not take upper teeth.
4. In pseudo-ruminants, roughage is digested in the cecum.

The acidic nature of chyme is neutralized by ________.

1. potassium hydroxide
2. sodium hydroxide
3. bicarbonates
4. vinegar

The digestive juices from the liver are delivered to the ________.

1. tum
2. liver
3. duodenum
4. colon

Free Response

How does the polygastric digestive system aid in digesting roughage?

Animals with a polygastric digestive organisation have a multi-chambered tummy. The four compartments of the stomach are called the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. These chambers contain many microbes that suspension downwardly the cellulose and ferment the ingested food. The abomasum is the "true" tum and is the equivalent of a monogastric stomach chamber where gastric juices are secreted. The four-compartment gastric chamber provides larger space and the microbial back up necessary for ruminants to digest plant material.

How do birds assimilate their food in the absenteeism of teeth?

Birds take a breadbasket chamber chosen a gizzard. Hither, the nutrient is stored, soaked, and ground into finer particles, ofttimes using pebbles. Once this procedure is complete, the digestive juices take over in the proventriculus and go along the digestive procedure.

What is the role of the accessory organs in digestion?

Accessory organs play an important part in producing and delivering digestive juices to the intestine during digestion and absorption. Specifically, the salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles. Malfunction of whatever of these organs tin can lead to disease states.

Explain how the villi and microvilli aid in assimilation.

The villi and microvilli are folds on the surface of the small intestine. These folds increase the surface area of the intestine and provide more surface area for the absorption of nutrients.

Glossary

alimentary canal

tubular digestive system with a mouth and anus

anus

exit point for waste product

bile

digestive juice produced by the liver; important for digestion of lipids

bolus

mass of food resulting from chewing activeness and wetting by saliva

carnivore

fauna that consumes animal flesh

chyme

mixture of partially digested nutrient and stomach juices

duodenum

first office of the pocket-size intestine where a big role of digestion of carbohydrates and fats occurs

esophagus

tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach

gallbladder

organ that stores and concentrates bile

gastrovascular cavity

digestive system consisting of a single opening

gizzard

muscular organ that grinds food

herbivore

beast that consumes strictly institute diet

ileum

last role of the small intestine; connects the small intestine to the big intestine; of import for absorption of B-12

jejunum

second office of the small intestine

large intestine

digestive organization organ that reabsorbs water from undigested material and processes waste matter

lipase

enzyme that chemically breaks downwardly lipids

liver

organ that produces bile for digestion and processes vitamins and lipids

monogastric

digestive organization that consists of a single-chambered stomach

omnivore

animal that consumes both plants and animals

pancreas

gland that secretes digestive juices

pepsin

enzyme found in the tum whose primary role is protein digestion

pepsinogen

inactive course of pepsin

peristalsis

moving ridge-similar movements of muscle tissue

proventriculus

glandular part of a bird's stomach

rectum

surface area of the trunk where feces is stored until elimination

roughage

component of food that is low in free energy and high in fiber

ruminant

brute with a stomach divided into 4 compartments

salivary amylase

enzyme constitute in saliva, which converts carbohydrates to maltose

modest intestine

organ where digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed

sphincter

band of musculus that controls motility of materials throughout the digestive tract

breadbasket

saclike organ containing acidic digestive juices

villi

folds on the inner surface of the small intestine whose office is to increment absorption area

Source: https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/biology/chapter/digestive-systems/

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